Work the Shell

This might be a peculiarity of how I work with the Web, taking screenshots and then wanting to scale them to fit my page (especially when they're full-screen images), but I find that I spend a lot of time calculating how to reduce and scale images down evenly.

For example, I might take a full-size screen capture of the window within which I'm writing this particular column just to find that it's 722 x 719 pixels across and down, respectively. But if I were to include it on my Weblog, I would want to reduce it down to no more than 600 pixels so that it doesn't break my site layout.

I actually could reduce the image within the screen capture application or use a secondary graphical app, but it turns out that Web browsers can scale images up or down based on explicit “height” and “width” attributes. For example, let's say that the doc window is called edit.png. Then, I could include the image on a Web page with:

<img src="edit.png" alt="editing a file" />

and it would work fine. To scale, it's easy, simply add those height and width parameters. To make it match the image itself, I'd use:

<img src="edit.png" alt="editing" height="719" width="722" />

However, as I said, it turns out that you actually can calculate different values, and the browser will scale it to match. To reduce the image 50%, for example, I would tweak it to read:

<img src="edit.png" alt="editing" height="359" width="361" />

So that's what I do on my site, and frankly, it's a pain.

Instead, what I'd really like is a utility that can figure out the current height and width of an image and then automatically scale it to the new value I desire based on a scaling factor. That's what we'll dig into for this column.

There are some terrific image manipulation packages available in Linux, most notably ImageMagick, but we don't need anything that fancy because the pedestrian, old, undersung file command can do the job for us. I'm going to be looking at only PNG (progressive network graphic) files, as those are very much the best for most Web uses, but it's worth noting that many Linux file commands have a harder time calculating image dimensions for JPEG images.

Here's an example:

$ file edit.png
edit.png: PNG image data, 722 x 719, 8-bit/color RGB, non-interlaced

That's quite a bit of information actually, including the key elements—the dimensions of the image file itself. In this case, it's width x height, so 722 is the width, in pixels, and 719 is the height. These can be extracted from the output in a variety of ways, but the easiest is to use cut:

width="$(file $filename | cut -f5 -d\  )"
height="$(file $filename | cut -f7 -d\  )"

If you try this, however, you'll find that the height is wrong. It has a trailing comma because cut is using spaces as the delimiter (which is what the weird-looking -d\ is specifying. The backslash escapes the shell interpreting the space as an arg delimiter. When you type this in, you'll want a space after the backslash and before the closing parenthesis for just that reason. It's fixable though, by using sed:

sed 's/,//'

Now that we have numeric values, how do we scale them automatically? I like using the bc binary calculator, even though its interface is so crufty. Multiplying 722 by 0.50 (which is, of course, 50%), is done like this:

echo 722 * 0.50 | bc

except that the \* will be expanded. So, in fact, some judicious use of quotes addresses the problem neatly:

width="$(echo "$width * $multiplier" | bc)"

That's certainly more shell-scripty, and it works fine, except I found that with some implementations of bc, even adding scale=0, which theoretically should remove the trailing fractional element that results from the multiplication, didn't give us an integer return value. Again, a simple fix gives us the final script line:

width="$(echo "$width * $multiplier" | bc | cut -d. -f1)"

The same thing gives us the newly calculated “height”, and if the user specifies a multiplier that's less than one, it scales down. If you specify a greater value, you just as easily can scale up.

Here's the basic script at this point:

filename="edit.png"
multiplier="0.75"

width="$(file $filename | cut -f5 -d\  )"
height="$(file $filename | cut -f7 -d\  | sed 's/,//')"

width="$(echo "$width * $multiplier" | bc | cut -d. -f1)"
height="$(echo "$height * $multiplier" | bc | cut -d. -f1)"

echo "$filename scaled: width=$width height=$height"

Testing it with the filename specified produces the following:

$ sh scale-image.sh
edit.png scaled: width=541 height=539

That's not really exactly what I want, however. First, I want to be able to specify the filename and multiplier on the command line. Second, the output needs a slight tweak to be more useful—the values need to be surrounded by quotation marks.

Here's what I'd like to see:

$ sh scale-image.sh 0.75 edit.png
edit.png: width="541" height="539"
$

That's not too hard to accomplish given the basic script we already have. See if you can do it yourself.

Tip: I actually use a “for name; do; done” loop to step through the file scaling, so I can specify a group of images and calculate them all en masse. Try it, coupled with the shift command, to remove the multiplier value once it's saved into a named variable.